Meteor Essay Example For Students

Meteor Essay CraterEarly throughout the entire existence of the nearby planetary group, when space was jumbled with thematerials of its development, the planets and their moons were vigorously bombardedby shooting stars. A portion of the individuals from the nearby planetary group (Mars, Mercury and ourmoon, for instance) despite everything show the residuals of the early stage downpour of iron andstone. On our dynamic planet earth, disintegration by climate, water and ice and thecontinuous reshuffling of crustal plates have deleted a large portion of the proof ofthat early cratering. The nearby planetary group, not yet totally away from the cosmicdebris which was left over at its introduction to the world, kept on coming down little shooting stars downupon the planets, and every so often the earth is struck by an article enormous enoughto uncover a sizable opening. Many shooting star sway pits have beenrecognized on the hull of the earth. As a rule, disintegration has evacuated all butthe broke root zones of the pits. The most acclaimed earthly impactcrater is in the desert close to Winslow, Arizona. Root of Meteor Crater Whathappens when an overpowering power meets a resolute article? Meteor Crater!50,000 years back, a colossal iron-nickel shooting star, rushing at around 40,000 milesper hour, struck the rough plain of Northern Arizona with a hazardous forcegreater than 20 million tons of TNT. The shooting star evaluated to have been about150 feet across and gauging a few hundred tons, in under a couple seconds,left a cavity 700 feet down and in excess of 4000 thousand feet over. Largeblocks of limestone, some of them, the spans of little houses were hurled ontothe edge. Level lying beds of rock in the cavity dividers were upset infractions of a second and elevated forever as much as 150 feet. Today, thecrater is 550 feet down, and 2.4 miles in circuit. Twenty football gamescould be played at the same time on its floor, while in excess of two millionspectators saw from it s slanting sides. In 1902, Daniel Moreau Barringer, aPhiladelphia mining engineer, got inspired by the site as a potentialsource for mining iron. He later visited the hole and was persuaded that ithad been shaped by the effect of an enormous iron shooting star. He further expected thatthis body was covered underneath the cavity floor. Barringer was right. The craterwas shaped by a shooting star sway, however what he didn't know was that themeteorite experienced complete crumbling during sway through vaporization,melting and discontinuity. In 1903, he framed the Standard Iron Company and hadfour placer mining claims documented with the national Government, hence getting thepatents and responsibility for two square miles containing the pit. Barringerspent the following 26 years endeavoring to discover what he accepted would be the giantiron shooting star. Barringer never found what he was searching for, however he dideventually demonstrate to mainstream researchers that the pit was th e site of ameteorite sway. ATextbooks are worried about introducing the realities of the case(whatever the case might be) as though there can be no questioning them, as though they arefixed unchanging. What's more, still more awful, there is typically no piece of information offered as to whoclaimed these are the realities of the case, or how emailprotected found these facts(there being no the individual, I or we). There is no feeling of the feebleness orambiguity of human judgment, no trace of the potential outcomes of blunder. Information ispresented as a ware to be gained, never as human battle to understand,to defeat lie, to falter toward the emailprotected - Neil Postman. The End ofEducation Grove Karl Gilbert, the primary individual to direct a full scientificsurvey of the secretive hole in the Arizona desert, was the most renowngeologist of his age, and has been depicted as Aperhaps the closestequivalent to a holy person that American science has yet delivered. (Hoyt, p37) He wastolerant, liberal, and honest, with an extreme aversion of discussion ofany kind. As boss geologists of the U.S. Topographical Survey, his prestigiousdemeanor was held in high regard. with the end goal that none of his partners or successorswere willing to freely scrutinize his decisions in any event, when it became apparentthat a portion of those ends had been off-base. In 1891, Gilbert becameinterested in reports of an enormous assortment of nickel-iron shooting stars discovered inthe neighborhood of a colossal roundabout hole in the Arizona desert. Since hehad as of now hypothesized on the potential outcomes of al huge meteoritestriking the earth, he chose to visit the pit and attempt to decide .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .postImageUrl , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:hover , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:visited , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:active { border:0!important; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:active , .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9 e1a5804 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1eae8159aa8bb32a5c8ad6bb9e1a5804:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Miss Persuasive Essay

International human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Universal human rights - Essay Example Interview with workers is with their delegates and not singular representatives. The definition and job of the agent body will rely upon national enactment and working environment practices1. Aggregate bartering is to be utilized at the working environment, so as to determine debates among bosses and representatives. Different arrangements identifying with work environment have been actualized by the resolution, and the business can incorporate certain strategies at his prudence. This mandate was executed by the Information and Consultation Regulations, whose point of reference was the European Works Council Directive of 19942. The new order will require the UK to give an all inclusive right to its workers in different foundations and endeavors. Mix of the new mandate into the national enactment of the UK will require the administration to institute a general legal system for representatives. â€Å"Transposition of the EU data and discussion Directive implies that the UK currently has, just because, a general legal structure giving representatives the option to demand being educated and counseled by their bosses on a scope of key business, work and rebuilding issues3.†The existing administrative procedure of the legislature is giving more noteworthy adaptability to managers while reacting to the EU Regulations. Bosses can start dealings on understandings that are explicitly intended for organizations4. â€Å"Since the mid 1970’s †managers in the UK have confronted lawful commitments, radiating fundamentally from EU Directives, to advise and talk with workers on explicit issues, for example, redundancies and business transfers5.† They are under a legitimate obligation to educate and talk with their representatives, in regard of certain arrangement matters, for example, redundancies and business moves. In the year 1994, the ECJ decided that businesses were under a commitment to counsel and

Analyzing Personal Conflict Management Styles Essay

Peace making is the burden of numerous groups or gatherings in achieving its objectives. This is on the grounds that the vast majority don't comprehend the distinctive clash styles and how to apply the guidelines and standards related with the style you might be managing. In this paper I will dissect three of the five administration styles talked about in the course reading Communication in Small Groups. Evasion and rivalry are two styles that I accept have the best impact on upsetting a gathering or group from achieving its objectives. Coordinated effort, be that as it may, is a style that I accept is best in helping a group in accomplishing its objectives. This is a style that I utilize in my expert life as well as in my own life and have seen the distinction this style of peace making makes on people who are drawn closer with this procedure. Evasion, as indicated by the Collins English Dictionary is â€Å"the demonstration of avoiding or keeping from occurring. † This definition summarizes the explanation I accept that of the five clash overseeing styles, this one is among the top reasons a few groups fall flat at accomplishing their objectives. Regardless of whether it is only that an individual doesn't care for showdown, are reluctant to voice their actual conclusions out of dread, or just would prefer not to offend another , the basic certainty remains that the group may not know about all that they have to consider. They pass up on the chance to be increasingly objective in arriving at an informed choice on the objectives the group is attempting to accomplish. This can likewise prompt individuals from the group feeling as if a part couldn't care less and give them motivation to limit whatever input that part may have. It is imperative to recall that there are sure occasions when evasion is expected to move the group along. For example if what is causing the contention is something inconsequential that won't adversy affect a definitive objective of the group it is likely a smart thought to maintain a strategic distance from it. It might be likewise be a smart thought to utilize this strategy incidentally to give a group time to accumulate their considerations on a significant issue they have to determine, however can't persuade certain individuals to be objective or sensible in light of the fact that they are standing firm behind their perspective. Rivalry is a peace promotion style precisely inverse of evasion. This is an angry style, which qualities comprise of commandingly convincing others that their position is the main right position. An individual who applies this style much of the time looks to win with the purpose of someone else losing. They need control and work to accomplish it regardless. This sort of style is irresistible to a group. It is difficult for a group to work at achieving a shared objective if the degree of rivalry in the group is with the end goal that nobody can concur. Rivalry regularly prompts exploitative methods of attempting to convince others in the group like yelling, or in any event, undermining. These kinds of practices lead to preventiveness and doubt as individuals may feel as though they are constrained into a choice as opposed to showing up at a choice all alone. Once more, much the same as with all administration styles it isn't constantly an awful thing to be serious. When filling in as a group it is imperative to recollect the objectives of the group and be careful that the activities taken are moving in the direction of that objective. Regardless of how right an individual is separately, the person must figure out how to get the remainder of the group to concur that their perspective is right or the best activity for the objective the group is attempting to achieve. Else, they will achieve nothing and distance themself from the group. Different individuals from the group can again feel as though that part couldn't care less about what is best for the group and rebate their thoughts as uneven. Of the entirety of the peace making styles, joint effort is the style that most analysts concur is the best for accomplishing the objectives of a group. â€Å"To work together is to have a high worry for both yourself and others† (Beebe and Masterson, 2009, p. 52). This basic conviction among clients of this style drives them to scan for answers utilizing the entirety of the apparatuses at the team’s removal. The various elements of the group become resources. They see the distinctions that recognize the individuals from the group as perspectives are regarded and seen equitably. Contrasts like a male versus a female’s point of view, race, culture, and even social or monetary status are perspectives that give all in the group a greater image of the various issues they may need to consider when reaching a decision about how best to accomplish their objective. In spite of the fact that this style is thought of as the best course for groups to utilize, it is lso one of the most troublesome. Indeed, even an individual who has a characteristic ability or character that advances this style of peace promotion needs to practice to be compelling utilizing this style in a group setting. An individual can't be critical and must be certain not to think about anything said literally. This is something that most if not the entirety of the colleagues must have a familiarity with. All colleagues need to feel good with the outcomes and with what was surrendered from their very own perspective to show up at the team’s choice. This style is likewise exceptionally requesting so it requires a decent measure of tolerance. Contingent upon how speedy a choice is required it isn't constantly workable for a group to accomplish and some in the group may not accept that their eventual benefits were accomplished. I understood through this examination that I am an individual who normally utilizes the joint effort style of refereeing in numerous parts of my life. In my relationship with my significant other, I use cooperation as an approach to reinforce our union in running our family unit. Feeling as though we are a group benefits the choices we make for our family. Our kids consider us to be joined in our dynamic. This is something we needed to work to accomplish and cooperation was the way in to its prosperity. We had a serious style from the start and our youngsters would go through that reality to part us on choices that we made relating to them. I could break that cycle by concentrating on setting our ego’s aside. Our conversations were not, at this point about who was correct or wrong. It was a procedure that began with convenience to show I was eager to venture out. That in the end developed into bargain, which is the thing that most couples make progress toward. Finding a center ground gives most couples the feeling that they are functioning as a group. Joint effort, nonetheless, is the capacity of that group not to locate a center ground, yet effectively work to concur and the best arrangement or activity together by comprehension and preparing each other’s perspective to think of choices together. It is a style that proves to be useful when preparing my kids on the significance of being dependable and responsible for their activities. Working together on objectives with the goal that they are a piece of the dynamic procedure enables them to accept they have authority over what choices they make. In my school and expert life coordinated effort has demonstrated to be an approach to drive for results. Colleagues work better when they are quiet in their dynamic, and everybody is alright with one another. Differences work themselves out with little pressure as a result of the trust set up through everyone’s readiness to team up on the objectives set up. Since the objectives were set together, everybody has a personal stake in its result and most need that result to be a fruitful one. At the point when I do experience an individual in my group with a clashing style, I will in general remove some time from the circumstance to assess the best strategy for our advancement. I consider the degree of significance our issue may have on our definitive objective and imagine a scenario in which any moral issues are included. Joint effort, however it is my preferred methodology, isn't generally the methodology I may use to determine the issue. I am not one to maintain a strategic distance from the issue totally, yet I have needed to utilize settlement, bargain, and even rivalry relying upon what the issue is and what character I am managing. Taking everything into account, you can see that there is nobody approach to oversee struggle. I accept that having the option to adjust to the diverse clash styles will help an individual in defeating struggle. Coordinated effort best backings an individual who is versatile and best backings a team’s objective since it centers around the objectives of the group by giving every individual on the team’s needs equivalent significance.

Changing Traditions and Definitions - Free Essay Example

In order to answer this question one must first assess and consider the law relating to the family unit. This will require an in-depth analysis of the rationale behind the judgment of Re G[1], and whether the law has enhanced the changes in social normality and whether this should be promoted or restricted in its application. It is clear from the imposition of a family unit, that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs defining. For the purposes of clarity, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be defined in many different circumstances. The family unit was thus described as an institution, nurtured within the framework of marriage. It is clear from human nature that families did exist outside of the sphere of marriage, but these were classed as statistics and not normality. However, this stance has become increasingly strained since the interception and introduction of contemporary human rights law. This has extended to some unusual situations. As was seen in the case of Keegan v Ireland[2]. In this case the idea that two people whose only connection is by blood and had never in fact met was capable of being a family within the principles of Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950. This Article enshrines the right to a private and family life. As such the conventional sense of a family being a father, a mother and 2.4 children is still relevant, but does not indicate the full extent to that of a family unit. It is worth stating at the outset that the case of Re G[3] will require further examination. This case concerned the care of two children that had been conceived via artificial insemination for a lesbian couple. In this particular case, the couple concerned had been together for a period of 7 years and decided that they wished to have children together. Following this decision, the younger female in the relationship, CG, was artificially inseminated from an anonymous donor. As a result Child A was born in 1999 and Child B in 2001. The non-biological parent, CW had a 17 year old son from a previous relationship, and all three children were brought up as siblings. Unfortunately, the relationship ended in 2002. As such CG and the two children moved into a new property, whilst CW and her new partner stayed in the former family home. As such CW applied for contact and a shared residence order. Due to this appli cation, CG made a number of emotive decisions regarding the children. These included enrolling the children in a new nursery and re-locating the children to her new partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home. During the led up to the hearing, CW continued to have staying contact from Friday to Monday on alternate weekends. During this period, however, CG began to question CWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement with the two children, and was adamant that CW should not have parental responsibility[4] of the children, due to the fact that she was not the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biological parent. Due to this hostility, CG gave evidence at the final hearing that she wished to move the children to the Cornwall area. The expert CAFCASS[5] officer was against the idea as it was believed that it was in the best interests of the children to have contact with the CW. The Judge at first instance agreed with this stance and ordered CG to remain living in the Leicester area, and that good contact by retaine d, whilst disclosure was to be given in relation to medical treatment and continuing educational requirements. The Judge did, however, reject the application for shared residence, due to the continuing hostility between CG and CW. Consequently, CW appealed[6] against the refusal of a shared residence order. Thorpe LJ permitted the appeal on the basis that CG was attempting to cut CW out of the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives. CG subsequently decided to uproot the children and take them to Cornwall without informing CW. Consequently, CW applied for an order to locate the children[7]. CG applied for permission to move the children to Cornwall, whilst CW applied for a residence order[8] in her favour. One of the larger issues invoked by this case was CG . However, one of the main issues that was created by the facts of this case was CG flagrant disregard for the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s order. This, obviously, had larger concerns as to whether any future orders would be obeyed. Howev er, Bracewell J concluded that the risk of emotional harm to the children if they were removed from CGs total care, outweighed the potential risk of CG trying to marginalise CWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives. It was believed that in allowing CG to disregard the order of the court, she showed the intention of not promoting the relationship between CW and the children. The importance of this case was highlighted by the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance of the role that a non-biological parent can play in a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. As such the Court seems willing to allow and adhere more closely to the ascertainable wishes of the children, whilst identifying which parent is the better at providing certain stabilities. It was further allowed, in this case, that CW was to have the majority of the term-time care of the children. It is arguable that this was due to CGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s refusal to follow the order preventing her from leaving the Leicester area. However, the role allowed by the non-biological parent had to be weighted against the significance of the biological parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ascertainable wishes. This was highlighted by the statement from Hallet LJ. It was stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am very concerned at the prospect of removing these children from the primary care of their only identifiable biological parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Mindful as I am of the changing social and legal climate, on the facts of this case, I would attach greater significance perhaps than some to the biological link between the appellant and her childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is clear from this statement that the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are still mindful of the growing trend of removing children from their nature parent(s) into an institution. This was highlighted by the House of Lords, on subsequent appeal. According to Baroness Hale of Richmond, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am driven to the conclusion that the courts belo w have allowed the unusual context of this case to distract them from principles of universal application. First, the fact that CG is the natural mother of these children in every sense of the term, while raising no presumption in her favour, is undoubtedly an important and significant factor in determining what is best for them now and in the futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This clearly identifies the growing trend of the evolving family unit. This, by its own definition, is an evolution. The differing concepts was demonstrated in the case of Re D (Contact and Parental Responsibility: Lesbian Mothers and Known Father)[9]. In this case, the concepts of a biological parent and a psychological parent was fully identified. The facts of the case were that a lesbian couple had contracted with a known man to father their daughter. This presented the court with three parents that each asserted their own parenting views. It is clear from this particular case that the notion of biological parents and psychological parents are designed to afford the developing growth in the family unit. There has been previous authorities that have tried to identify and further the growing trend in the evolution of a family unit. This has also been shown in cases that involve heterosexual couples, who have split up and started new relationships with other people, attitudes towards contact with the non-resident parent, and of course same sex relationships. In the case of same sex relationships, the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s have been reluctant to accept that a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best interests are served by same sex couples. This is due to the possible stigmatism from peers, the psycho-sexual requirements of the child, and general wellbeing of the child concerned. However, the courts have also tried to hang the decisions on other factors. This was seen in the case of Re C[10]. This was where the wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lesbian cohabitant had a criminal record. However, it is worth noti ng that the court has been prepared to allow a child to remain in a lesbian household providing the parties are not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"militant lesbiansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This again shows the changing nature in society and how the courts recognise this change. Further examples can be seen in the cases that concern gender reassignment. These cases have shown a growing trend towards realising the evolution. According to the case of Corbett v Corbett[11] a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biological sex is determined at birth, this includes chromosomes, gonads, and genitals. Further, it cannot be changed by medication or surgery. However, this stance was examined by the case of Rees v UK[12]. In this case Mr Rees was a female to male transsexual, and wished to change his birth certificate to reflect this change and also wished to enter into a contract of marriage with a female. Mr Rees, complained that the UK had breached ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation under Articles 8 and 12 of the Europea n Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950. It was held that no violation had been demonstrated. It is clear from this case the original stance was followed. This in its entirety had not allowed for the social norms to be promoted. This was furthered by the case of X, Y and Z v UK[13]. In this case X was a female to male transsexual, who lived with Y. Y was artificially inseminated and gave birth to Z. The application concerned the desire for X to be registered as Zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s father. It was held that the refusal of the UK to formally recognise X as Zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s father was not in violation of Article 8. Yet again, the social norms were not promoted. However, the trend was seen to be deviated from in the case of Goodwin v UK[14]. In this case the applicant was a male to female transsexual, who wished for a declaration to be made that Articles 8 and 12 had been violated. As the applicant was legally recognised as a man, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ËÅ"heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was still liable to pay national insurance contributions until the age of 65, whereas if à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ had been legally recognised as a female, liabilities would have ceased at the age of 60. It was held that the rights enshrined had been violated. This was due to the rights that the Convention tried to uphold. This was the first authority that broke away from the original stance and afforded the growing trends towards the views of society. However, this case has in itself been deviated from by the case of Bellinger v Bellinger[15]. In this case, the applicant appealed against a ruling that her marriage to a man was null and void. It was held that the marriage contract could not be formally recognised, due to the requirements of section 11 (c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973. This statutory provision provides that a marriage is void if the parties are not male and female respectively. However, in the dissenting judgment of Thorpe LJ, the family justice system should be flexible, in accordance with liberal democratic principles, to recognise the changes in society and the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to have a private life. This is a powerful indictment of the failings of the family justice system, and Thorpe LJ has clearly identified the requirements that the law must follow the principles that basic human rights try to achieve. In conclusion, the social normalities have become increasing more accepting over the changing diversity of the family unit. The traditional unit that used to exist of a mother, a father, and 2.4 child is no longer the only way a family can exist. The law has only recently caught up with the changing thoughts of society. This can be evidenced by the allowance and recognition of transsexuals, of same sex parents, and of civil partnerships. This is due to the emergence of human rights, which afford the principles of liberal democracy. The law has an obligation to safeguard the rights of the vulnerable in society. Thus, the law must promote the changes and acceptance of social normality. Bibliography Family Law, 1st Edition, by Frances Burton, published by Cavendish Publishing Limited in 2003. Principles of Family Law, 17th Edition, by Stephen M. Cretney, Judith M. Masson, and Rebecca Bailey-Harris, published by Sweet Maxwell in 2003. A Practical Guide to Family Proceedings, 3rd Edition, by District Judge Robert Blomfield, Helen Brooks, and District Judge James Taylor, published by Family Law in 2005. Footnotes [1] [2006] EWCA Civ 372, as amended by Re G [2006] UKHL 43. [2] [1994] 18 EHRR 342. [3] [2006] EWCA Civ 372 [4] Within the meaning of section 3 of the Children Act of 1989. [5] Children and Family Court Advisory Support Service. [6] Re G (Residence: Same-Sex Partner) [2005] 2 FLR 957. [7] Under the Family Law Act of 1986. [8] Under section 8 of the Children Act of 1989. [9] [2006] 1 FCR 556. [10] [1991] Fam Law 175. [11] [1970] 2 WLR 1306 per Ormerod J. [12] [1987] 2 FLR 111. [13] [1997] 24 EHRR 143. [14] [2002] 2 FLR 487. [15] [2003] UKHL 21 overruling the decision of Bellinger v Bellinger [2001] 1 FLR 389.

The Issue Of Risk Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4450 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction Risk management is one of the subfields on nine knowledge area in project management. Risk management is about managing uncertainty that inherent in most projects that require formal project management, using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"uncertainty in the plain English à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lack of certainty sense. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Issue Of Risk Management" essay for you Create order Risk management also refer to a series of processes which are required for the identification, analysis, and reaction towards the projects risk in order to maximize the effects of positive uncertainty even and minimize the consequences of negative uncertainty even. Risk management also been organise in developed countries. This due to the risk management is better applied in the developed countries. Comparing with other countries with various situations, Malaysia is a developing country which the politic, economy, social and technology have mad specific risks especially related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of risk is not so systematic and requires more research and development. Malaysia seems to be developing countries because the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic will be burden if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is important to recognise the risks that endanger the plan. A lot of budget was spent on investment in the construction industry. The application of risk management will result in taking correct, regulated, and prompt decision through being informed about the environment despite the complication and changes in the construction industries. 1.2 Problem Statement Knowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays challenge and risk imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and external risks factor of the project, the managerial decision-making error will take place. Moreover, it will cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through risk management, it can identify the risk generating factor and control or remove such risk factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action. As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge area of project management, risk management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into risk management. There are no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for risk management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, current regulations cannot force construction parties to undertake risk management. So, by adopting scientific approach to risk management, introducing its process and eventually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project are a necessity. The issue of risk management was for the first time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk management is a new field, except for several seminars and universities research project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia. 1.3 Research Questions i. What kind of risks occurs in the construction projects and what are their factors? ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk? 1.4 Research Objectives i. To identify risk factors in construction industry. ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Study This research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this area. Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The reasons for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being executed in the company and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter will differ. As a result of this, to make sure the data obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company. 1.6 Expected Findings This research will achieve some precious advantages. First is to enhance the consciousness of different key personnel of project resulting in performing the project reliably while considering issues like risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor quality of products, cost overrun, and delays. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Risk will bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks will be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective will be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk factor in construction projects. 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 Risk Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances if it occur, it will give effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the construction project, there is a lot of risk in every phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. Construction firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction projects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developin g countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction market and to manage these risks before the actual execution of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancements in technologies, therefore a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each party has its different objectives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects. 2.2.2 Risk Factor Construction project is divided into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in proceeding with the project. The management of risk therefore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue between the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was transfer to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be sufficient had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier. 2.2.2 Risk Management Risk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector. According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project. 2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk Management There are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no standard method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operating the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is pure risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses. 2.3 Risk Management Process Project Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process 2.3.1 Risk Identification Risk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic. The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the experience summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored. Brainstorming is another method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide capacity of the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be given to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method. 2.3.3 Risk Analysis The risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix clarifying the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential. The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values. 2.3.4 Risk Evaluation Risk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the evaluation phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an accepted view of the proportionate of the recognized risks. Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a record of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking. 2.3.5 Risk Treatment Risk treatment comprises what should be done in order to give reaction to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing contingency plans with which to get back if a risk happen. 2.3.6 Monitoring and Review In monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other five steps must be remained under an examination as the time passes. Finding of better information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are immediately influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time. The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively. 2.3.7 Communication and Consultation Communication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them. 2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response Planning In every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk mitigation that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002). A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which are: i. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are available from several alternatives; ii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occur; iii. Risk control which when a process of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling technique; iv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. Sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on. 2.5 Classification of Risks in Construction The first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects. According to other study by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified that some of the most representative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area are: i. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners power of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect instability of currency exchange rates. ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations. iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation. iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management. On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which are: i. financial risks: the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study. ii. Technical risks: the checklist show allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries. iii. Risk related to change: the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study. iv. Consortium risk: in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification. v. Owner obligation risks: the checklist embraced factors which should be stated in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts. vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors: the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors. According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and incorrect design risk. 2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk Management According to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture within the industry. As a result, the lack of proficiency and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational learning becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance an d knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious. According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a fear of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance. According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer. 2.8 Risk Identification Methods In order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist. Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners. (Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner. In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire survey among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows: 3.2 Data Collection 3.2.1 Interview Interview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet. 3.2.2 Questionnaire Questionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies. The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry. 3.3 Data Analysis All returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test. 3.4 Measurement Most of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire. Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective. In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following format: Risk level Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost certain Score 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3.1: Risk factors In section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage. Strategies Not important Little important Average Important Very important Score 1 2 3 4 5

The Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008 Essay - 2367 Words

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Article Analysis free essay sample

The Economics of Coffee ECO/365 May 15, 2013 Article Analysis: The Economics of Coffee People around the world consume numerous goods every day. There are several things that determine what quantities and how frequently they are consumed and those influences can either work in tandem or act individually to influence a person. It is these foundations that set an average for what consumers will purchase and the volume of goods to be created by agriculturalists and industrialists. This is known as economic consumption patterns, and these patterns are carefully studied by economists. With the data that they glean from this assessment economists can then use that information to provide the economy with data about the supply and demand of those goods and services. In an article by Dan Harrington titled â€Å"Coffee Price Increase 2011-2012 – Coffee Prices – Coffee Shortage Due to Emerging Markets† he posits that even though the United States is in the midst of an economic crisis, there has been no downswing on coffee consumption. Just the opposite, Americans are buying more coffee and the demand is rising every year. Coffee has an unfailing and growing economic utility. In other words, the level of pleasure received when people drink coffee has remained high over the years. Additionally, there are more buyers in our economy that are extending the types of beverages they drink with coffee, and the extensive assortment of coffee drinks that are offered. This has supported the increase of coffee’s utility in the marketplace. In the past several years the demand, or desire, for coffee has increased in countries more widely known for their consumption of other beverages. For instance, the people in China are traditionally considered consumers of tea, but in recent years this has changed. The demand for coffee in China has been growing so rapidly analysts have a hard time gauging it though estimates have been a growth of about twenty percent annually for the last two years† (Harrington, 2011). With such an extreme escalation in demand, manufacturers are having a difficult time delivering the quantity of the product that is wanted. This increa se in demand, and no increase in supply, causes prices in the economy to rise. Up through 2012 the price of coffee rose for several reasons. One reason is that coffee farmers are increasing their costs in an effort to produce more coffee. These include growing more cocoa plants, hiring more laborers, upgrading shipping methods that move the coffee more quickly, and the fuel costs for those methods. A major production delay that must be factored in the increase for coffee is that it takes an average of five years for the cocoa plant to mature and begin producing beans. Also, time itself can be a hindrance to these farmers if they do not prepare for possible demand spikes. Finally, it is the unpredictable nature of the coffee market’s supply and demand that has made investors in coffee more speculative in recent years. The growth in the world’s economic demand for coffee is not the lone reason why supply cannot match the amount of demand. Other aspects such as climate changes, natural disasters, and cocoa plant diseases, are but a few things that can have an impact on the supply. One such disaster is currently happening in Guatemala. Small local farms have been plagued with coffee rust, an infection that severely affects the growing cycle of the plant and in most cases kills it completely. Because of this there is a growing fear that the supply of coffee will dramatically decrease in the next few years, pushing prices even higher. Coffee was not always increasing in cost. In years past, coffee was relatively inexpensive to buy because coffee was typically consumed in certain countries, but now that many more countries are consuming coffee, the supply is having a difficult time keeping up with the demand. For instance, if economists predicted in 1980 that the demand for coffee would increase between 50% and 80% by 1990, then it would stand to reason that farmers would have probably enlarged the size of their crops in order to accommodate the demand. However, in 1990 the demand for coffee only rose by 10% thereby creating a surplus of coffee on the market for consumers. Because coffee is so easily obtainable, and farmers are trying to sell their goods so the crops will not go to waste, prices begin to drop to help tempt purchasers, which helps the producers so they avoid losing their investment entirely. In our global economy, the price of coffee is thought of as elastic. What this means is that as the selling price of coffee increases or decreases, so does the demand for it. Simply put, coffee is not needed by humans to survive but rather is a luxury item, so as the price increases there is less of a demand for coffee and vice versa. Things that would be looked at as inelastic in our economy are staple products such as fuel, food, and water. These items are things that we believe we cannot do without and consumers will still purchase these items in spite of the price increases because without them they believe, their life would be greatly impacted. While the price of coffee is considered elastic, many people it is consider a vital part of their daily routines and this greatly diminishes its seeming elasticity for consumers. References Harrington, D. (June 3, 2011). Coffee Price Increase 2011-2012 – Coffee Prices – Coffee Shortage Due to Emerging Markets. Retrieved from http://www. gourmetcoffeelovers. com/coffee-price-increase-2011-2012-coffee-prices-coffee-shortage-due-to-emerging-markets/